In other words, there is only limited effect of candidate religion. There was no change caused by the priming of Ahok's religion. Second, priming respondents with Ahok's ethnicity decreased their support for him. First, Muslim respondents were less likely to support Ahok than non-Muslim ones. Specifically, I analyzed an original survey of Jakartan Muslims that included both experimental and correlational modules. The present study is an effort to improve these limitations and to test more carefully the extent to which Ahok's ethnicity and religion shaped voting behavior in the election. Third, it relies too heavily on voters’ personal accounts of their voting rationales. Second, it confounds political messaging and mobilization with voter attitudes. First, on a conceptual level, it fails to distinguish between voter religion and candidate religion.

While convenient, this religion-focused explanation is limited in three ways. All these led studies to highlight Ahok's religion as the dominant point of contention in the election. He also had to face a blasphemy charge which sent him to jail for two years. He was strongly opposed by conservative Muslims who argued that a non-Muslim should not lead a Muslim-majority province. Ahok, who is both Christian and an ethnic Chinese, lost the election despite having a 65 percent approval rate. The election provided a unique case to examine both ethnic and religious sentiments due to the presence of the incumbent Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok). The present study fills this gap in the literature by examining the voting behavior of Jakartan Muslims in the 2017 gubernatorial election. However, to date there have been no systematic quantitative studies that examine the two sentiments simultaneously and compare their relative influences. Ethnic sentiments, particularly anti-Chinese sentiments, have also played a major role in Indonesian politics (Purdey Reference Purdey2006). Religion has colored Indonesian politics ever since the country's founding (Menchik Reference Menchik2016). To what extent do ethnic and religious sentiments shape Indonesian Muslims’ voting behavior? Indonesia's past and contemporary political dynamics have demonstrated the influence of these sentiments. ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS IN INDONESIAN POLITICS: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2017 JAKARTA GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION

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